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简单的说Node.js就是运行在服务端的Javascript
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            <h2 id="NodeJs简介"><a href="#NodeJs简介" class="headerlink" title="NodeJs简介"></a>NodeJs简介</h2><ul>
<li>简单的说Node.js就是运行在服务端的Javascript</li>
<li>Node.js是一个基于ChromeV8引擎的Javascript的执行环境</li>
<li>Node.js使用了一个事件驱动，非阻塞式I/O的模型，使其轻量有高效</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="NodeJs的应用环境"><a href="#NodeJs的应用环境" class="headerlink" title="NodeJs的应用环境"></a>NodeJs的应用环境</h2><p>由于Nodejs目前还不够成熟，因此一般不会用作独立开发，它的主要用途如下</p>
<h3 id="中间层"><a href="#中间层" class="headerlink" title="中间层"></a>中间层</h3><p>通常在开发应用时，出于安全考虑，后端的主服务器都不会直接暴露给客户端，两端之间通常需要有一个中间层进行通信。</p>
<p>这样做的好处是，如果中间层出现问题，不会影响后端的主服务器。另外，中间层可以做缓存，或者实现一些业务逻辑，起到降低主服务器复杂度，提高性能的作用。</p>
<p>中间层也可以像CDN一样在各处部署，以提高用户的访问效率。</p>
<h3 id="小型服务"><a href="#小型服务" class="headerlink" title="小型服务"></a>小型服务</h3><p>可以实现一些小型应用，或某个功能模块。</p>
<h3 id="工具类"><a href="#工具类" class="headerlink" title="工具类"></a>工具类</h3><p>工具类 Nodejs可以用来开发一些实用工具，如Webpack、Gulp等等。</p>
<h2 id="Nodejs的优势"><a href="#Nodejs的优势" class="headerlink" title="Nodejs的优势"></a>Nodejs的优势</h2><ul>
<li><p>Nodejs的语法与前台JavaScript相同，因此便于前端开发入手</p>
</li>
<li><p>性能高</p>
</li>
<li><p>利于与前端代码结合，例如在做同样一个数据校验时，前后台代码可以共用，不需要单独开发。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Nodejs的卸载"><a href="#Nodejs的卸载" class="headerlink" title="Nodejs的卸载"></a>Nodejs的卸载</h2><p>当需要升级Nodejs时，建议先完全卸载旧版本，特别是全局已下载的依赖，否则有小概率会出现更新版本后，新安装依赖时报错。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>完整卸载步骤：<br>通过系统自带卸载工具，卸载Nodejs，之后最好将Nodejs安装目录整个删除。<br>手动删除安装目录，如C:\Program Files\nodejs目录下的node_modules文件夹。<br>找到用户目录，如C:\Users\你的用户名，其中如果有node_modules文件夹，则一起删除。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="启动一个Nodejs服务器"><a href="#启动一个Nodejs服务器" class="headerlink" title="启动一个Nodejs服务器"></a>启动一个Nodejs服务器</h2><p>我们可以新建一个server.js文件，在命令行通过node server.js命令，就可以运行一个服务器，在浏览器访问中访问<code>http://127.0.0.1:3000/</code>，就可以看到Hello World。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 引入Nodejs自带的http模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> http = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'http'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 引入Nodejs自带的child_process模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> childProcess = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'child_process'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> hostname = <span class="string">'127.0.0.1'</span>; <span class="comment">// 本机地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> port = <span class="number">3000</span>; <span class="comment">// 端口</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 创建一个服务器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> server = http.createServer(<span class="function">(<span class="params">req, res</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  res.statusCode = <span class="number">200</span>; <span class="comment">// 设置响应状态码</span></span><br><span class="line">  res.setHeader(<span class="string">'Content-Type'</span>, <span class="string">'text/plain'</span>); <span class="comment">// 设置响应头</span></span><br><span class="line">  res.end(<span class="string">'Hello World\n'</span>); <span class="comment">// 向前台输出内容</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 开启监听</span></span><br><span class="line">server.listen(port, hostname, () =&gt; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// 在命令行打印运行结果</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">`Server running at http://<span class="subst">$&#123;hostname&#125;</span>:<span class="subst">$&#123;port&#125;</span>/`</span>);</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// 使用默认浏览器打开地址</span></span><br><span class="line">  childProcess.exec(<span class="string">`start http://<span class="subst">$&#123;hostname&#125;</span>:<span class="subst">$&#123;port&#125;</span>/`</span>);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="response-write"><a href="#response-write" class="headerlink" title="response.write"></a>response.write</h2><p>我们使用了http.createServer创建一个服务器，在它的回调函数中，会传入2个参数，分别为request（请求对象）和response（响应对象）。</p>
<p>通常使用<code>response.write</code>方法向前端返回数据，该方法可调用多次，返回的数据会被拼接到一起。</p>
<p>需要注意的是，必须调用<code>response.end</code>方法结束请求，否则前端会一直处于等待状态，<code>response.end</code>方法也可以用来向前端返回数据。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> server = http.createServer(<span class="function">(<span class="params">request, response</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  response.write(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  response.write(<span class="string">'b'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  response.write(<span class="string">'c'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  response.end(<span class="string">'d'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<!-- mode -->
<h2 id="File-System"><a href="#File-System" class="headerlink" title="File System"></a>File System</h2><p>File System是Nodejs中用来操作文件的库，可以通过<code>const fs = require(&#39;fs&#39;)</code>引用。</p>
<p>常用的方法有异步文件读取<code>fs.readFile</code>、异步文件写入<code>fs.writeFile</code>、同步文件读取<code>fs.readFileSync</code>、同步文件写入<code>fs.writeFileSync</code>。由于同步操作可能会造成阻塞，通常建议使用<strong>异步操作避免</strong>该问题。</p>
<h3 id="fs-writeFile"><a href="#fs-writeFile" class="headerlink" title="fs.writeFile"></a>fs.writeFile</h3><p>fs.writeFile可向文件写入信息，若文件不存在会自动创建。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fs.writeFile(<span class="string">'./test.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'test'</span>, (error) =&gt; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> (error) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'文件写入失败'</span>, error)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'文件写入成功'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>fs.writeFile的主要参数：</p>
</blockquote>
<p>第一个参数为写入的文件路径<br>第二个参数为写入内容（可为<code>&lt;string&gt;</code> | <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView>）<br>第三个参数为回调函数，传入数据为error对象，其为null时表示成功。</p>
<h3 id="fs-readFile"><a href="#fs-readFile" class="headerlink" title="fs.readFile"></a>fs.readFile</h3><p>fs.readFile用来读取文件。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fs.readFile(<span class="string">'./test.txt'</span>, (error, data) =&gt; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> (error) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'文件读取失败'</span>, error)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 此处因确定读取到的数据是字符串，可以直接用toString方法将Buffer转为字符串。</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 若是需要传输给浏览器可以直接用Buffer，机器之间通信是直接用Buffer数据。</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'文件读取成功'</span>, data.toString())</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>fs.readFile主要参数：<br>第一个参数为读取的文件路径<br>第二个参数为回调函数。回调函数传入第一个参数为error对象，其为null时表示成功，第二个为数据，可为<code>&lt;string&gt;</code> | <code>&lt;Buffer&gt;</code>。</p>
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                    <h4>Contents</h4>
                    <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#NodeJs简介"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">NodeJs简介</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#NodeJs的应用环境"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">NodeJs的应用环境</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#中间层"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">中间层</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#小型服务"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">小型服务</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#工具类"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">工具类</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Nodejs的优势"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Nodejs的优势</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Nodejs的卸载"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">Nodejs的卸载</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#启动一个Nodejs服务器"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">启动一个Nodejs服务器</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#response-write"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">response.write</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#File-System"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">File System</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#fs-writeFile"><span class="toc-number">7.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">fs.writeFile</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#fs-readFile"><span class="toc-number">7.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">fs.readFile</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
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